"This is a draft of an article that was published in a slightly different form in MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History. All citations should be to the published version and not to this draft."

"Flavius Aetius' confrontation with Attila the Hun in AD 451 is widely regarded as a turning point in history, but it may only have hastened the fall of the Western Roman Empire." Article in the December 2003 issue of Military History.

"The story of the Battle at Courtrai, fought between an army of Flemish towns and the French knightly army. This was the first recorded victory in history of an army of footsoldiers defeating an army of knights." The site offers some interesting photos and description of the battle.

Rival Italian political factions and families collided in the 13th century at Montaperti, the "hill of death." From Jun. '96 Military History Feature on the History Network.

"In the year 1018, the army of the German emperor was defeated by Count Dirk III, at the Dutch town of Vlaardingen." The site is a short description of the battle, with maps and bibliographic sources.

Fairly extensive bibliography of the poem. Arranged by editions and translations of the poem and by studies of the battle and the poem.

"On July 8, 1099, 15,000 starving Christian soldiers marched barefoot around Jerusalem while its Muslim defenders mocked them from the battlements. One week later, the situation would be astonishingly altered." Article from Military History magazine.

"Poles still celebrate April 9 as the day they repulsed an Asiatic invasion of Europe in 1241. Their Mongol enemies saw things differently--at Liegnitz, they won their third victory in a row over a European army, all with a diversionary force of 20,000 warriors." Originally published in the June 1997 issue of Military History magazine.

"The fall of Constantinople in 1453 sent shock waves through Christendom. Then, in 1455, the young Ottoman Sultan Mehmet II mobilized his army to march on Belgrade -- and from there, possibly move on to the European heartland." From August '96 issue of Military History.

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"On May 14, 1264, King Henry III confronted Simon de Montfort and his noblemen, but it was the impetuous Prince Edward who decided the outcome of the battle." Originally published in the May 2006 issue of Military History magazine.

"Was Henry V's great battlefield victory a miracle or the inevitable result of circumstance?" An article from British Heritage (2000).

"As a final, unnerving touch at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, a howling host swept over the rim of the hill and careened down the steep slope -- not soldiers, but rather camp followers." Originally published in the December 1992 issue of Military History magazine.